International Electricity Networks and Decarbonization: Analysis of the NordLink and NorthConnect Projects

Abstract

The energy transition in Northern Europe has driven rapid growth in renewable energy sources, creating new challenges for electricity transmission infrastructure. The expansion of wind and solar projects has generated imbalances between energy production areas and major consumption centers, exposing limitations in traditional power grids. In this context, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnectors have become a strategic alternative to strengthen energy integration, improve system stability, and facilitate electricity exchange between countries. This research aimed to analyze the socio-technical, regulatory, and institutional factors influencing the development of HVDC projects in Northern Europe through a comparative study of the NordLink and NorthConnect projects. The methodology adopted a qualitative, descriptive, and comparative approach based on documentary review and content analysis of technical reports, academic publications, and institutional documents. The findings revealed that institutional coordination, regulatory stability, and political support are determining factors for the success of these projects. While NordLink was successfully implemented and became operational, NorthConnect faced political and regulatory barriers that limited its progress. The study concludes that the energy transition requires not only technological innovation but also governance mechanisms capable of accelerating the expansion of international electricity networks. Strengthening coordination among governments, regulators, and transmission operators is essential to ensure efficient renewable energy integration and support long-term decarbonization goals across Europe.